“PostgreSQL resolves uniqueness through heap tuple visibility”
I recently commented on Jonathan Lewis’s blog, Savepoint Funny , where I compared how PostgreSQL handles uniqueness differently: “PostgreSQL resolve…
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1.4.10 Planner Hook: When It Fires, How to Use It
Everything from 1.4.1 through 1.4.9 happened inside a single function, standard_planner() . Building paths, costing them, searching for a join order…
1.4.9 Planner Preprocessing: Subquery Pull-up, Predicate Pushdown, Equivalence Classes
So far we have seen the planner build candidate paths and rank them by cost, choose join methods and join orders, and estimate those costs from stat…
1.4.7 Parallel Cost: When to Go Parallel and How Many Workers
The planner weighs how to read a table, how to join, and how to aggregate by cost, and picks the cheapest candidate. Parallel query is one more deci…
1.4.6 Aggregate Cost: Choosing HashAgg vs GroupAgg
A query like SELECT region, COUNT(*) FROM sales GROUP BY region folds many rows together, collapsing each group into a single value. This folding of…
Deep Inside the COM: Hunting the COM Global Interface Table (GIT)
If you've worked with classic Windows COM for any decent amount of time, you've almost certainly run into this frustrating reality: an interface poi…
1.2.1 From SQL Text to Raw Parse Tree
A line like SELECT name FROM users WHERE id = 1 arrives at the backend. As we saw in 1.1.1, the backend is a child process forked by the postmaster…
1.2 Parser and Analyzer: How SQL Gets Its Meaning
A line like SELECT name FROM users WHERE id = 1 is just text when the client sends it. The first thing the backend does after receiving it is figure…
1.1.3 Optimizable vs Utility
Inside the five-stage pipeline from 1.1.1, there is another fork right after the parser. PostgreSQL classifies every SQL command into one of two cam…
1.1.2 Simple vs Extended
The fork visible in 1.1.1 (simple query protocol on one side, extended on the other) is the subject of this section, one level deeper. 1.1.1 set the…
Internals: Go 1.24 Garbage Collector Updates and How They Reduce Latency for gRPC Services
For high-throughput gRPC services, Go's garbage collector was once the silent killer of p99 latency—until Go 1.24 slashed stop-the-world (STW) pause…