# Understanding Backtracking Through a Tetris Optimizer in Go
When I first heard the term backtracking , it sounded like a complicated algorithm reserved for computer scientists. After spending the last couple of…
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Which Is to Be Master? Language, Authority and LLMs
Introduction “When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said in rather a scornful tone, “it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less.” “The q…
Quantum Teleportation Could Help Solve Complex Problems
Quantum teleportation often sounds like something from a science fiction movie. Many people imagine humans or objects instantly moving from one place …
Coluber: A Compiled Language Designed for Clarity and Simplicity
Over the years, I have grown increasingly found of the idea that code should read like prose. Clear, intentional, and free from unnecessary noise. Thi…
Building SaarDB, Part 2: LSM Trees
In Part 1, SaarDB had two pieces: a Write Ahead Log (WAL) for durability, an in-memory map for serving reads and writes. That works as a starting poin…
How Unicode Makes Fancy Text Possible
Have you ever wondered how text like 𝓗𝓮𝓵𝓵𝓸 , 𝐇𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐨 , 𝕳𝖊𝖑𝖑𝖔 , or 🅷🅴🅻🅻🅾 is created? Many people assume it's a special font, but that's not the case. The…
Demystifying Text-to-Speech (TTS): How Digital Voices Are Born
Demystifying Text-to-Speech (TTS): How Digital Voices Are Born Text-to-Speech (TTS) technology transforms written text into spoken audio. This process…
AI for CS Assignments: How I Survive Technical Writing (Without Completely Dreading It)
Sophomore year. My algorithms professor dropped a 1,500-word reflection assignment about the ethics of AI in software development on a Monday morning.…
Homomorphic Encryption
A hospital wants a cloud service to analyze patient data for disease patterns — but the cloud must never actually see the data. Not anonymized. Genuin…
Two pointers and sliding window in Java — the pattern that shows up everywhere...
In my last post, I covered arrays and strings and briefly touched on the two-pointer technique while reversing an array. That one example ended up bei…
What actually happens when you "convert" a file
I Thought File Conversion Was Just "Save As." I Was Wrong. Last week someone asked me a question that sounded almost too simple: "What actually happen…
PARC (Palo Alto Research Center)
Every time you move a mouse, resize a window, connect to a local network, or print a document, you're using something invented at one lab between 1970…
From Source Code to Binary: What Does GCC Actually Do? part 2
In the last part of my first article on how GCC compiles, I explained the System V AMD64 ABI convention for passing parameters, it's time to explain h…
[Trend][Tech] Quantum Computing Companies in 2026 (76 Major Players) - The Quantum Insider
The industry is described as a "dual-track" race. On one side are incumbents (Big Tech) with massive infrastructure and deep pockets. On the other is …
Maximum Width of Binary Tree
Given the root of a binary tree, return the **## Problem Statement Given the root of a binary tree, return the maximum width of the tree. The width of…
Why the Hell Are There So Many Layers? Breaking Down the 4 Steps of C Compilation
Notes: Prototype : a line that promises to a compiler that a certain function exists somewhere in the server or harddisk or files so it doesn't throw …
Vertical Order Traversal
leetcode.com Problem Statement Given the root of a binary tree, return its vertical order traversal . Rules: Nodes are grouped by their column (Horizo…
How Git Actually Works Under the Hood
Most developers use Git every day and understand almost none of it. That's not an insult, it's just the reality of how most people learn tools. You pi…
Building SaarDB, Part 1: Write-Ahead Log (WAL)
SaarDB is a learning project: build a relational database from first principles in Go, one layer at a time. The goal is not to build a production data…
Morris Pre Order Traversal
Problem Statement Given the root of a binary tree, return its preorder traversal. The challenge is to perform the traversal: Without Recursion Without…
Top View of Binary Tree | Level Order Traversal
Problem Statement Given the root of a binary tree, return the nodes visible when the tree is viewed from the top. For every horizontal distance (HD) ,…
Right View of a Binary Tree
leetcode.com Problem Statement Given the root of a binary tree, return the nodes visible when the tree is viewed from the right side. Only the last no…
Left View of a Binary Tree
leetcode.com Problem Statement Given the root of a binary tree, return the nodes visible when the tree is viewed from the left side. Only the first no…
How the Internet Works: From Typing a URL to Seeing a Website
Every day we open a browser, type a website address, and within a few seconds a webpage appears. It feels almost magical, yet behind that simple actio…
The Shop on the Corner: How I Learned System Design Without Building Clone
The Shop on the Corner: How I Learned System Design Without Building Amazon Nephew asks his uncle — 10 years deep into building large-scale systems — …
Binary Tree PreOrder Traversal
leetcode.com Problem Statement Given the root of a binary tree, return its preorder traversal. Preorder Traversal follows: Root ↓ Left ↓ Right Brute F…
The Minecraft anvil is a tree-cost optimization problem in disguise
I fell down this rabbit hole because of a small, annoying moment in a survival game. I had a diamond pickaxe I liked, four enchanted books I wanted on…
Fallacies of distributed computing
The network is reliable; Latency is zero; Bandwidth is infinite; The network is secure; Topology doesn't change; There is one administrator; Transport…
Why Hijri Date Conversion Breaks Naive Math Formulas
If you search "convert Gregorian to Hijri" you'll find dozens of one-line formulas floating around StackOverflow, most of them some variant of hijriYe…
Z Function
Intuition The Z Algorithm is used to find all occurrences of a pattern in a text in linear time. The main idea is to avoid comparing the same characte…