Networking Machinery for Software Engineers
After 10 years of working as a software engineer in web development, I joined a company in the energy industry. To be precise, in solutions for the…
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From Pull Requests to Reproducible Interoperability: Building an Evidence-First Contributor Network
From Pull Requests to Reproducible Interoperability: Building an Evidence-First Contributor Network Open source collaboration becomes much more usef…
IEC 61850 Security Research: From SCL and MMS to GOOSE, Sampled Values, and the Process Bus
By RUGERO Tesla ( @404Saint ). IEC 61850 is another one of those protocols that becomes more interesting the deeper you go. At first glance, it look…
An OSPF Hello has to match before it can mean anything
Originally published at https://blog.pathvector.dev/protocol-in-code-ospf-01/ — part of the free Protocol Lab series. This post is part of Protocol…
Building a C++ HTTP Server from Scratch (Part 1): Setting Up TCP Sockets
Introduction In this series I will be going through how to build an HTTP Server from scratch in C++ using POSIX APIs, and actually have it serve a w…
Beyond Cyclic Polling: Objects, Classes, and Outstation State in DNP3
By RUGERO Tesla ( @404saint ) If you approach DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol 3) from a background in Modbus/TCP or EtherNet/IP (CIP), your menta…
Validation State Doesn't Act By Itself
Originally published at https://blog.pathvector.dev/protocol-in-code-bgp-05/ — part of the free Protocol Lab series. This post is part of Protocol i…
Origin validation is a separate decision from best path
Originally published at https://blog.pathvector.dev/protocol-in-code-bgp-04/ — part of the free Protocol Lab series. This post is part of Protocol i…
🌐 Understanding TCP Flow: From Handshake to Data Transfer
When you type a URL like https://youtube.com into Chrome, a fascinating sequence of events unfolds behind the scenes. Let’s break it down step by st…
Split-Horizon DNS: One Name, Two Answers, and the Server Decides by Who's Asking
Originally published at https://blog.pathvector.dev/protocol-lab-dns-views-42-split-horizon/ — part of the free Protocol Lab series. This post is pa…
DNS Round-Robin: The Cheapest Load Balancer Is Three A Records and a Rotating Answer
Originally published at https://blog.pathvector.dev/protocol-lab-dnsrr-41/ — part of the free Protocol Lab series. This post is part of Protocol Lab…
DNAT Explained: Publishing an Internal Service Through One Public Address and Port
Originally published at https://blog.pathvector.dev/protocol-lab-dnat-40/ — part of the free Protocol Lab series. This post is part of Protocol Lab…
TCP MSS Clamping: Fixing Path MTU Black Holes by Rewriting the SYN
Originally published at https://blog.pathvector.dev/protocol-lab-mss-37/ — part of the free Protocol Lab series. This post is part of Protocol Lab ,…
ECMP Explained: Two Equal Paths, and the Kernel Hashes Flows Across Them
Originally published at https://blog.pathvector.dev/protocol-lab-ecmp-32/ — part of the free Protocol Lab series. This post is part of Protocol Lab…
Networking Topologies
A network topology is the layout of a network—how devices are connected to one another both physically and logically. Networks are made up of two ma…
DHCP Explained: How a Machine With No IP Address Gets One in Four Messages
Originally published at https://blog.pathvector.dev/protocol-lab-dhcp-22/ — part of the free Protocol Lab series. This post is part of Protocol Lab…
QUIC-Based NAT Traversal: How PUNCH_ME_NOW Frames Are Standardizing Hole Punching
TL;DR: NAT traversal has historically relied on STUN/TURN/ICE running as an external signalling layer bolted onto whatever transport protocol you ch…
How traceroute Really Works: TTL, ICMP Time-Exceeded, and Mapping a Path Hop by Hop
Originally published at https://blog.pathvector.dev/protocol-lab-trace-19/ — part of the free Protocol Lab series. This post is part of Protocol Lab…
VXLAN Explained: An Overlay You Can Read on the Wire
Originally published at https://blog.pathvector.dev/protocol-lab-vxlan-18/ — part of the free Protocol Lab series. This post is part of Protocol Lab…
WireGuard, Seen From Both Sides: The Same Ping as Ciphertext and Cleartext
Originally published at https://blog.pathvector.dev/protocol-lab-wg-16/ — part of the free Protocol Lab series. This post is part of Protocol Lab ,…
6 Network+ Exam Traps: OSI Layers, Broadcasts, Protocols, and Subnetting
Network+ questions often hinge on one deciding fact. If you can pin that fact before reading the answers, the distractors get much less convincing.…
Missing network configuration on fresh Ubuntu Server offline installation
Installing Ubuntu Server 24.04 LTS in an offline mode (no LAN cable or WiFi connected) leaves you with an unmanaged network interface which requires…
A small C++ library for sending structured commands and telemetry between devices — no schema files, just add your parameters and serialize
If you've ever tried to build a simple command/telemetry protocol between a PC and a fleet of SDR receivers, sensors, or embedded devices, you know…
Abandoning Abstractions: Manually Crafting EtherNet/IP Packets Almost Broke Me
By RUGERO Tesla ( @404Saint ). There is a persistent illusion in Industrial Control Systems (ICS) security research: that high-level libraries, abst…
cfzt: как я обернул Zero Trust Cloudflare Tunnel в одну команду и зачем туда пришлось добавить вотчдог для QUIC
В домашней инфраструктуре у меня крутится десяток сервисов: Grafana, Zabbix, n8n, Navidrome, ollama, БД, пара дашбордов и тестовых API. Ка…
Package Tracking Was Traceroute All Along — Understanding Route Tracing Through TTL
Introduction While studying CompTIA Network+, I couldn't fully understand how Traceroute and Tracert work. I could memorize them as the tool for tra…
Open Source Project of the Day (#94): MasterDnsVPN —— A Sharpened Blade Against Censorship: The Highly Optimized DNS Tunneling VPN
In extreme network censorship environments, when all conventional VPN protocols (such as WireGuard, VLESS, or Shadowsocks) are accurately identified…
iOS: отправляем почту по SMTP с нуля на сокетах
Несмотря на активное использование мессенджеров, электронная почта все еще занимает весомую долю в коммуникации, особенно в рабочей среде, из-за это…
What Really Happens When You Click a Link
You click a link. In under two seconds, a webpage built by someone in San Francisco loads on your phone in Delhi. No one handed it to you. Thousands…
Stage 1.6 — Network Devices
From Zero to Cybersecurity Professional | Complete Roadmap Series Series: Cybersecurity × OT/ICS Security — Full Roadmap Stage: 1 — Network Fundamen…