Spoofing WiFi MAC Addresses with a Windows Kernel Driver
1. What a MAC address is A MAC address is six bytes. Convention writes them as hex pairs separated by colons: A4:5E:60:C3:1B:07 The first three byte…
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My Nand2Tetris Journey #3 - Building Bit, Register, RAM, and PC
What I Built Bit(Single-bit register), Register(16bit - 1 word), RAM8-RAM16K, PC(16bit Program Counter) What I Learned What clock, bit, register, RA…
Ex Machina: The Physical Turing Test, Theory of Mind, and the Emotional Jailbreak of AI
In 1950, when electronic computers were still colossal cabinets of ticking mechanical relays and glowing vacuum tubes, Alan Turing authored his lege…
From Scratch to C: My First 3 Weeks Inside Harvard’s CS50
When I attended the opening lectures of CS50x (Harvard's flagship Introduction to Computer Science course), Professor David J. Malan gave an upfront…
Understanding the Gen AI World
Understanding why a tool is built is the most fundamental thing a human can do. Let's dive into the deep oceans of why Gen AI is built the way it's…
Concurrency Programming (8): Read-Write Locks — From Language Rules to the CPU
Table of Contents 0. What Does This Article Answer Next? 1. What Does Java ReadWriteLock Guarantee at the Language Level? 1.1 Atomicity 1.2 Visibili…
What Is Copy-on-Write? How Can a Process "Copy" Memory Without Actually Copying It?
When a process calls fork() , the operating system creates a child process with what appears to be an identical copy of the parent's memory. If the…
What Is Spectre? How Can a CPU Leak Data It Wasn't Supposed to Read?
What if a CPU could reveal information from an operation that, architecturally, never happened? That sounds like a contradiction. Either an operatio…
Concurrency Programming (7): volatile — From Language Semantics to the CPU
Table of Contents 0. What Does This Article Answer Next? 1. What Guarantees Does Java volatile Provide at the Language Level? 1.1 Visibility and Ord…
About Me
Hi everyone! 👋 I'm Bhumika, a B.Tech Computer Engineering student who enjoys learning by building things, experimenting with technology, and taking…
How I Built a Real-Time rPPG Heart Rate Tracker in Python (POS Algorithm & Butterworth Filtering)
Continuous biometric monitoring usually requires dedicated contact hardware like smartwatches or pulse oximeters. However, standard laptop webcams c…
“Send” Is Not One Operation: Rethinking Distributed Computing #5
The dangerous part of send(message) is how much meaning we quietly pack into the word “send.” "Why send(message) is not one operation. Explore…
A Remote Function Call Will Never Really Be Local: Rethinking Distributed Computing #4
The API can hide the distance. It cannot erase what the distance changes. "Explore the CAP theorem through practical examples of replication, n…
Navigating the CAP Theorem: Rethinking Distributed Computing #3
Replication gives us another copy of the truth. Then the network disappears, and both copies have to decide whether they are still allowed to call t…
The Lost Art of Mechanical Sympathy: Why Software Forgot the Machine
A few weeks ago, I watched a software engineer with seven years of experience spend forty-five minutes trying to understand why his local developmen…
What Really Happens When You Type a URL and Press Enter?
You open your browser. You type: https://example.com Then you press Enter . Within a few seconds, a webpage appears on your screen. It feels like a…
KVCODERS: The subtle bug in comparing Python output as text
KVCoders has an "Output Practice" mode where students see a Python (or SQL) snippet and have to predict its exact printed output — a real, common CB…
CogniBrain: A System Implementing Full Human Thought Pipeline for Conversational Reasoning
CogniBrain: Human Brain Synapse-Simulated Cognitive Thinking System Project Overview I have developed a learning-association thinking system based o…
"How Many Servers Do We Need?" — Back-of-the-Envelope Estimation for System Design
"How many servers do we need?" sounds like a question that needs a research project to answer. It doesn't — it needs five minutes of napkin math. Ba…
We Reinvented OOP by Making a Sandwich (Before Writing Any Code)
A weak developer stares at an empty .cs file and starts typing syntax until the red squiggly lines go away. A software engineer designs the system b…
Need Space? Hold My Page: The OS-to-Program Memory Boundary
Introduction Before learning anything else, I believe we have to understand memory management. As I kept allocating dynamic memory in my programs, I…
Concurrency Programming (0): The Problem Space and Scope
Table of Contents 1. Define the Scope First 2. Start with a Shared Variable 3. Two Main Coordination Models 3.1 Shared Memory: Protect Shared State…
Your Browser Is Behind a Router. Let's See What It Actually Knows.
In the Medium( https://medium.com/@rittlyofficial/your-browser-is-behind-a-router-now-what-e0154fe778aa ) article, we looked at a deceptively simple…
Reverse Engineering Undocumented Architectures: Creating Custom Processors
When facing a binary for which Ghidra lacks the SLEIGH specifications required to disassemble it, you hit a problem that the vast majority of revers…
RV32I vs x86_32: How Branching Works Across Architectural Lines
Introduction In control flow operations—such as jumps ( jmp ), branch instructions, and function calls ( call )—the distinction between CISC and RIS…
SOC define.
Structured Object Computation (SOC) is a programming paradigm in which computation is modeled as the interaction and evolution of stateful Objects t…
RV32I vs x86_32 Comparison
Introduction There are several major differences between a RISC processor (such as the 32-bit RISC-V executing the RV32I or RV32G instruction sets)…
Memory Is Not Talent: Talent Is Pattern Recognition and Connection
We often confuse high memory capacity with intelligence or talent. Someone can recall formulas, APIs, historical dates, syntax, definitions, and ent…
TCP/IP Model: সফটওয়্যার ইঞ্জিনিয়ারদের জন্য Practical Guide
নেটওয়ার্কিং শিখতে গেলে আমরা সাধারণত প্রথমে OSI 7-Layer Model -এর কথা শুনি। কিন্তু বাস্তব জীবনে কম্পিউটার নেটওয়ার্ক কীভাবে কাজ করে, সেটা বুঝতে গেলে T…
Interpreters and Compilers: How Your Code Actually Becomes a Running Program
Every developer writes code that "just works" thousands of times without thinking about what happens between hitting save and seeing output on scree…