Build an AI Pipeline FastAPI + Kafka + Workers
Most AI demos work perfectly on a laptop. But production AI systems can become fragile when everything is handled inside one synchronous API call. A u…
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[System Design] Ride-Hailing Dispatch Algorithm: How Uber DISCO & Grab DispatchGym Match Drivers
Every time you tap "Book Ride," a system makes dozens of decisions in under two seconds: Which driver? What route? What's the real ETA? This article b…
The Evolution of Circuit Compression
Miniaturization replaced the tube with the transistor. The currency of compromise changed from watts of heater power to milliwatts of leakage and diss…
Systems Thinking: The Missing Skill in Modern Software Engineering
Many developers learn programming by focusing on functions, classes, frameworks, and algorithms. Early in our careers, success often means writing cod…
I Built an AI System Design Coach — Clone It, Try It, Break It
The problem I kept running into Every time I practiced system design, I'd hit the same wall: I'd sketch out a rough idea for "design WhatsApp" or "bui…
System Design Interview Roadmap (10 Concepts That Matter Most)
Disclosure: This post includes affiliate links; I may receive compensation if you purchase products or services from the different links provided in t…
System Design - 17. Service Discovery & Service Mesh: How Thousands of Services Find Each Other
Covers: Client-Side vs Server-Side Discovery, Service Registries, Service Mesh (Istio/Envoy), Kubernetes DNS The Problem That Didn't Exist in the Mono…
Multi-Agent Systems Explained: Coordinator Pattern, Task Tool & Context Injection
As AI applications become more powerful, developers often discover a problem: One AI agent is not always enough. A single agent can answer questions, …
Our BFF Was Working. That Was the Problem.
Backend-for-Frontend (BFF) layers solve a real problem. As systems grow, frontends often need data from multiple APIs, services, runtimes, and data st…
If the warehouse already has the data, why are we copying it elsewhere?
When we started working on Krenalis , we spent a lot of time reviewing how customer data typically flows through a modern data stack. One pattern kept…
A11: A Structural Answer to AI Collapse
Modern AI models are becoming increasingly powerful, but their growing capabilities come with rising risks of degradation: the loss of rare patterns, …
Hidden Coupling in Distributed Financial Systems: Dependencies You Didn't Know You Had
Abstract Distributed financial systems are described through explicit interfaces. Services call APIs, consume events, write to databases, submit trans…
Your Retention Problem Is a Manager Problem.
Gallup has been running the same finding for twenty years. Seventy percent of the variance in team engagement is explained by the manager. Not the ben…
The Microservice-to-Engineer Ratio (MTR): Why Too Many Microservices Slow Down Engineering Teams
Discover the Microservice-to-Engineer Ratio (MTR), a powerful architectural metric that reveals when microservices begin hurting engineering productiv…
Frontend System Design Interviews: What They Are, Why They Matter, and How to Actually Prepare
For mid-to-senior developers who want to stop winging it. If you've been a developer for 3+ years and you're targeting senior roles, there's a round i…
Shifting from Databases to Kafka: How to Build an Indestructible Data Pipeline
When you start building an app, keeping your data consistent is easy. If a user changes something, your code updates the database, and you're done. Bu…
What Would a Conscious AI Mean?
What Would a Conscious AI Mean? Anthropic's CEO can't rule it out. Lawyers are drafting frameworks. I've been thinking about and debating this for 40 …
How Instagram, WhatsApp, Uber & Netflix Would Be Built Today Using Expo Router
You tap Record. You nail the take. You save as Draft. You close Instagram, reopen it — and your Reel is right there. What just happened under the hood…
Document Generation for Developers: Security, Compliance, and Build-vs-Buy Decisions for the Template-Plus-Data Pipeline
When a deal closes in your CRM and a contract still needs a human to open Word, paste in the account name, and adjust the pricing table, you have a do…
Why I'm Building Decision Systems Instead of Prediction Systems
Most software projects focus on producing outputs. Most AI projects focus on producing predictions. But real organizations don't operate on outputs or…
State management for real-world workflows: tracking apartment viewings and applications
Apartment hunting is a stateful workflow. At any given moment, a user might have 15 listings in various stages: some saved, some inquired about, some …
Building Production-Ready AI Systems: What Most Developers Learn Too Late
Artificial Intelligence development has become dramatically easier over the past two years. You can connect an LLM through an API in minutes. You can …
CQRS: Where It Helps and Where It Hurts in Backend Systems
CQRS has been one of the most talked-about architectural patterns in modern backend systems. Over the last decade, its popularity has grown alongside …
Designing TikTok from Scratch — A System Design Deep Dive
Who is this for? Mid-to-senior engineers preparing for system design interviews, or anyone curious how a short-video platform at billion-user scale ac…
Caching Layers in 2026: CDN, App, DB, Query: What Goes Where
Book: System Design Pocket Guide: Fundamentals — Core Building Blocks for Scalable Systems Also by me: Thinking in Go (2-book series) — Complete Guide…
Rugby Fundamentals as Software Concepts - Mapping the Pitch to your Code Base
Welcome back to the series and as stated earlier, I am a developer who lives and breathes both clean codes and muddy rucks. In the last post, we estab…
I Open-Sourced a Practical Fullstack Interview Preparation Repository (React + Node + System Design)
I’ve taken and conducted software engineering interviews over the years, and one thing became obvious: Most interview prep resources don’t reflect rea…
Stop Letting AI Agents Break Your Database: Transactional Multi-Agent Workflows with Temporal and Spring AI
Stop Letting AI Agents Break Your Database: Transactional Multi-Agent Workflows with Temporal and Spring AI In 2026, AI agents are no longer just glor…
Why Your AI Workflows Break at Scale—And How to Build Systems That Don't
Why Your AI Workflows Break at Scale—And How to Build Systems That Don't You optimized your AI workflows perfectly—until you scaled them, and suddenly…
The Feature Store: Consistency and Latency Are Both Non-Negotiable
Part 3 of 5 in the series: When Your AI Pipeline Grows Up In the previous post, we worked through the pipeline architecture that gets features from ra…