Inside Uber's Architecture: Engineering Decisions That Power Millions of Rides Every Day
Why Study Real-World Architectures? Most system design discussions focus on theoretical architectures that work well on whiteboards. Real-world system…
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Understanding Event-Driven Architecture (EDA) With Real-World Examples
Modern software systems don’t behave like traditional request–response applications anymore. As applications grow into distributed, real-time, and glo…
Document Generation for Developers: Security, Compliance, and Build-vs-Buy Decisions for the Template-Plus-Data Pipeline
When a deal closes in your CRM and a contract still needs a human to open Word, paste in the account name, and adjust the pricing table, you have a do…
Stripping away the layers of abstractions: How does a filesystem work?
Modern operating system filesystems (like ext4 or NTFS) are intimidating to look at. If you dive into their source code, you're immediately drowned in…
Why I'm Building Decision Systems Instead of Prediction Systems
Most software projects focus on producing outputs. Most AI projects focus on producing predictions. But real organizations don't operate on outputs or…
Beyond the Cheat Sheets: How to Actually Reason About Partitioning VS Sharding in System Design Interview
You are mid-way through a system design interview, confidently whiteboarding your database architecture. You casually drop the word: “…and then we’ll …
Read-Modify-Write isolation in NoSQL: the distributed-lock hell.
In part 1 , the single-document case was easy. In part 2 , two documents brought Write Skew, and we saw that even a native ACID transaction — snapshot…
State management for real-world workflows: tracking apartment viewings and applications
Apartment hunting is a stateful workflow. At any given moment, a user might have 15 listings in various stages: some saved, some inquired about, some …
Scale Wars #5 — Twitter: The Fan-out Pattern and the Architecture Behind 140 Characters
Year: 2010–2015 · Crisis: "How do we make the timeline load this fast?" The Problem: Lady Gaga and 50 Million Followers Here's the technical challenge…
Bucky Fuller's To-Do List: Can AI Finally Solve the World's Cataloged Problems?
Bucky Fuller's To-Do List: Can AI Finally Solve the World's Cataloged Problems? We've had the list for 60 years. We're only now building the machine t…
Why We Built AnToAnt: Designing Software Before Writing Code
Why We Built AnToAnt: Designing Software Before Writing Code Most developers start building too early. A new idea comes in. The coding begins. Feature…
Building Production-Ready AI Systems: What Most Developers Learn Too Late
Artificial Intelligence development has become dramatically easier over the past two years. You can connect an LLM through an API in minutes. You can …
CQRS: Where It Helps and Where It Hurts in Backend Systems
CQRS has been one of the most talked-about architectural patterns in modern backend systems. Over the last decade, its popularity has grown alongside …
Designing TikTok from Scratch — A System Design Deep Dive
Who is this for? Mid-to-senior engineers preparing for system design interviews, or anyone curious how a short-video platform at billion-user scale ac…
How to Track AI Usage Without Losing Revenue (Complete Guide)
Most AI products eventually run into the same problem: Tracking usage sounds simple. Until it isn't. At first, all you need is a counter. A request co…
I Bombed My First System Design Interviews. These 5 Concepts Were Why.
I failed three system design interviews in a row. Not because I didn't know the concepts. I knew them cold. Caching, sharding, consistent hashing, CAP…
MyErp Architecture Series - #02 Cellular Architecture: Mapping Biology to Software Systems
Cellular Architecture - MyErp 3 - Web ERP System for Business Management MyErp 3 is a modern web ERP system for business automation. Monitor finances,…
Adaptive Model Routing and Fallback Logic: Routing Around LLM Provider Outages with Bifrost
When LLM providers go down, adaptive model routing and fallback logic keep applications online. Here is how Bifrost runs both at the gateway tier. At …
19/30 Days System Design Questions!
Your checkout endpoint has a 400ms P95. Profiling shows 70% of that is DB reads. You add a read replica and point all SELECT queries at it. P95 drops …
Caching Layers in 2026: CDN, App, DB, Query: What Goes Where
Book: System Design Pocket Guide: Fundamentals — Core Building Blocks for Scalable Systems Also by me: Thinking in Go (2-book series) — Complete Guide…
Under the Hood: Demystifying Database Internals (InnoDB vs. ARCHIVE)
Most developers treat database engines as black boxes: you write a query, and data magically returns. But when data scales to millions of rows, unders…
Stop Spinning Up Separate Vector DBs: Multi-Tenant Spring AI with Pgvector Metadata Filtering
Stop Spinning Up Separate Vector DBs: Multi-Tenant Spring AI with Pgvector Metadata Filtering Shipping RAG to production in 2026 means solving the mul…
Rugby Fundamentals as Software Concepts - Mapping the Pitch to your Code Base
Welcome back to the series and as stated earlier, I am a developer who lives and breathes both clean codes and muddy rucks. In the last post, we estab…
Why 91% of AI Agents Fail in Production (And What the 9% Do Differently)
Everyone is building AI agents right now. Autonomous systems that reason, plan, and act without humans in the loop. Agents that write code, manage wor…
I Open-Sourced a Practical Fullstack Interview Preparation Repository (React + Node + System Design)
I’ve taken and conducted software engineering interviews over the years, and one thing became obvious: Most interview prep resources don’t reflect rea…
1/30 Days System Design Question
our mobile app talks to 3 backend services directly. A 4th one ships next sprint. The mobile team is already drowning. Every new service means a new d…
REST APIs vs Webhooks in Telecom Billing - Which One Actually Makes Sense?
If you've spent any time around telecom billing systems, you know they're not your typical CRUD app. You've got prepaid balances, real-time charging, …
Stop Letting AI Agents Break Your Database: Transactional Multi-Agent Workflows with Temporal and Spring AI
Stop Letting AI Agents Break Your Database: Transactional Multi-Agent Workflows with Temporal and Spring AI In 2026, AI agents are no longer just glor…
Where Logic, Mathematics, and Philosophy Reside in Structure A11
In Structure A11, these levels (logic, mathematics, philosophy, and “something else”) are not placed in a single layer, but are distributed vertically…
Why Your AI Workflows Break at Scale—And How to Build Systems That Don't
Why Your AI Workflows Break at Scale—And How to Build Systems That Don't You optimized your AI workflows perfectly—until you scaled them, and suddenly…